TRI-ANGLE TRADE & DISTRIBUTION CO.

East Africa From Human Beginnings to New Nations

2 East Africa  One of the Subregions of Africa  Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Burundi, Rwanda, Djibouti, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania  East Africa is called the “cradle of humanity” because of the large number of prehistoric remains found in the region  Tanzania is known for the records of human remains (hominids)

3 Continental Crossroads Map. 430  Crossroad is a road that crosses a main road or runs cross-country between main roads  Scientist believe the first human lived there

4 A Trading Coast  Aksum was an early civilization of East Africa  It has origins in Ethiopia in the B.C.E. 1000  People from Aksum traded with people from Egypt and the eastern Roman Empire  There was a movement coming from Asia through the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean

5 Obelisk: Tumbs and Treasures

6 Gold, ivory, and spices

7 A Trading Coast  During the 6 th century, Aksum declined because the traders were passing through the Persian Gulf rather than the Red Sea  Around the 7 th century, Arab, Persian, Indian traders once made East Africa an international trading center  Kilwa was one of the most important cities

8 Colonization Disrupts Africa  In the 19 th century, Europe’s industrialized nations became interested in Africa’s raw materials ( natural resources )  These nations wanted to colonize Africans countries to obtain their resources  Europeans did not wanted to fight for Africa, so 14 European nations convened the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885 to lay down rules for dividing Africa

11 Colonization Disrupts Africa  By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free  Europeans divided Africa without regard to where African ethnic or linguistic groups lived  Europeans combined enemies and divided friends  Many people blamed the European division as one of the root causes of political violence and ethnic conflicts

13 Ethiopia Avoids Colonization  Ethiopia Emperor Menelik II protected his country from Italian invasion with weapons from France and Russia  Knowledge of the land was an advantage in favor of the Ethiopians  Ethiopia defeated Italy in 1896

15 Conflict in East Africa  By 1970’s, most of East Africa has regained its independence  Civil wars became a problem  Colonialism inflamed the people of Rwanda and helped to cause a bloody conflict in the 1990’s  Ethnic boundaries created cultural divisions among native groups

16 Farming and Tourism Economies  Agriculture and wildlife parks are the foundation of East Africa

17 Farming and Tourism Economies  East Africa is 70% rural (no big cities)  cash crops such as coffee, tea, and sugar  Relying on cash crops can be risky because the price of crops depends on the world market (demand and supply)  More people are looking for new job opportunities in cities

18 Tourism Creates Wealth and Problems  One of the main economic activities is tourism  Europeans created game reserves – killing animals for a sport  Africans hunt only for survival  Wildlife parks make lots of money in profits

19 Traditional Cultures  Two major ethnic groups  Masai  Kikuyu  Masai lives in the Africa grasslands in Kenya and Tanzania  Masai herd livestock (raise animals for pleasure) and farm the land  Masai dresses with animal skins and wear long skirt-like robes

21 Traditional Cultures  Kikuyu are the largest group in Kenya  Kikuyu live close to the Mount Kenya  Kikuyu traditionally are herders

22 Health Care in Modern Africa  Many people face health problems  AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)  AIDS has become pandemic  AIDS is caused by the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

23 AIDS is killing East Africa

While Africa possesses vast natural resources, its absence from the top ten list is not primarily due to theft by other countries, but rather a complex interplay of factors including resource curse, historical exploitation, and challenges in resource management and development. Here's a more detailed explanation:1. Not a Simple Case of Theft:

• While historical exploitation and ongoing neocolonial practices exist, attributing Africa's absence from the top ten resource-rich countries solely to theft is an oversimplification. 
• Many African nations have struggled to translate their resource wealth into broad-based economic development and prosperity. 

2. The "Resource Curse":

• The "resource curse" refers to the paradox where countries with abundant natural resources often experience slower economic growth and development compared to those with fewer resources. 
• This phenomenon can manifest in various ways, including:
  • Dependence on a single resource: Over-reliance on a few commodities can make economies vulnerable to price fluctuations and disrupt diversification. 
  • Corruption and mismanagement: Resource wealth can incentivize corruption and rent-seeking behavior, diverting funds away from essential public services and infrastructure. 
  • Dutch disease: The influx of revenue from natural resources can inflate the value of a country's currency, making other industries less competitive and potentially leading to deindustrialization. 
  • Weak institutions: Resource-rich countries may lack the strong institutions and governance structures needed to manage resource wealth effectively. 

3. Historical Context:

• For centuries, African nations have faced exploitation and resource extraction by colonial powers, with profits often flowing out of the continent.
• This historical legacy continues to impact current development trajectories, with many countries still grappling with the consequences of past practices. 

4. Inefficient Resource Management:

• Even when resources are managed by African governments, issues like corruption, lack of transparency, and inadequate infrastructure can hinder effective resource utilization. 
• Poorly designed policies, insufficient investment in human capital, and a lack of diversification contribute to the challenges. 

5. The scramble for Africa's resources:

• Foreign countries are actively seeking access to Africa's critical minerals and other resources, which can further complicate development efforts. 
• This competition can lead to instability and inequality, as local communities may be displaced or marginalized. 

In conclusion: While the exploitation of Africa's resources is a real concern, the continent's absence from the top resource-rich nations 

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While Africa possesses vast natural resources, its absence from the top ten list is not primarily due to theft by other countries, but rather a complex interplay of factors including resource curse, historical exploitation, and challenges in resource management and development. Here's a more detailed explanation:1. Not a Simple Case of Theft:

• While historical exploitation and ongoing neocolonial practices exist, attributing Africa's absence from the top ten resource-rich countries solely to theft is an oversimplification. 
• Many African nations have struggled to translate their resource wealth into broad-based economic development and prosperity. 

2. The "Resource Curse":

• The "resource curse" refers to the paradox where countries with abundant natural resources often experience slower economic growth and development compared to those with fewer resources. 
• This phenomenon can manifest in various ways, including:
  • Dependence on a single resource: Over-reliance on a few commodities can make economies vulnerable to price fluctuations and disrupt diversification. 
  • Corruption and mismanagement: Resource wealth can incentivize corruption and rent-seeking behavior, diverting funds away from essential public services and infrastructure. 
  • Dutch disease: The influx of revenue from natural resources can inflate the value of a country's currency, making other industries less competitive and potentially leading to deindustrialization. 
  • Weak institutions: Resource-rich countries may lack the strong institutions and governance structures needed to manage resource wealth effectively. 

3. Historical Context:

• For centuries, African nations have faced exploitation and resource extraction by colonial powers, with profits often flowing out of the continent.
• This historical legacy continues to impact current development trajectories, with many countries still grappling with the consequences of past practices. 

4. Inefficient Resource Management:

• Even when resources are managed by African governments, issues like corruption, lack of transparency, and inadequate infrastructure can hinder effective resource utilization. 
• Poorly designed policies, insufficient investment in human capital, and a lack of diversification contribute to the challenges. 

5. The scramble for Africa's resources:

• Foreign countries are actively seeking access to Africa's critical minerals and other resources, which can further complicate development efforts. 
• This competition can lead to instability and inequality, as local communities may be displaced or marginalized. 

In conclusion: While the exploitation of Africa's resources is a real concern, the continent's absence from the top resource-rich nations is a complex issue with deep historical roots and multifaceted challenges related to governance, economic management, and diversification. 

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